Opportunity Information: Apply for RFA FD 18 014

This FDA cooperative agreement (U01), titled "Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element modeling (DEM) approach for predictions of dry powder inhaler (DPI) drug delivery," focuses on improving how scientists and regulators predict where DPI drugs actually go in the respiratory tract, and why. DPIs typically blend very small active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) particles with much larger carrier particles. Patients provide the energy for drug delivery through their own inhalation, which fluidizes the powder and pulls it into the airflow. Because the API particles are so small, they often do not readily entrain on their own at typical inhalation flow rates, so the carrier helps move them through the device. The problem is that carriers are usually on the order of about 100 micrometers and cannot pass the mouth and throat effectively, while the therapeutic API ideally needs to be in the 1 to 5 micrometer range to reach the lungs. That means DPI performance depends heavily on two linked steps: (1) whether the carrier-API mixture is successfully entrained out of the device, and (2) how quickly and completely the API deagglomerates (separates) from the carrier, largely through impacts against the device interior plus airflow-driven forces.

A major regulatory driver behind the opportunity is generic drug approval for DPIs in the United States. Generic applicants must demonstrate bioequivalence using a "weight of evidence" approach that typically combines in vitro tests, pharmacokinetic (PK) studies for systemic exposure, and pharmacodynamic (PD) or clinical endpoint (CE) studies for local action in the lung. Product-specific FDA guidance for many DPIs emphasizes in vitro metrics such as single actuation content and aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD). However, the announcement highlights a key gap: there is not currently solid evidence of an in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for APSD or any other in vitro metric for any DPI product. The central challenge is that local drug concentrations at the site of action in the lung are extremely difficult to measure directly in people without changing the product.

To address that gap, the opportunity points to gamma scintigraphy as a potentially useful validation tool. Gamma scintigraphy uses a radiolabel (often technetium-99m) to generate 2D images of where inhaled material deposits, and it has been used broadly across oral inhalation drug products. It is not considered ideal for routine bioequivalence testing because radiolabeling alters the formulation, but the data can still be valuable as an external benchmark for validating physics-based computational predictions. That is where CFD modeling comes in: CFD can simulate airflow and particle transport and predict deposition patterns, but modeling DPIs is harder than modeling metered dose inhalers because DPI aerosols involve strong particle-particle and particle-wall interactions, irregular particle shapes, and cohesive forces that drive agglomeration and affect deagglomeration.

The scientific core of the grant is the development of an integrated CFD-DEM approach. CFD handles the airflow field, while DEM tracks individual particles (or particle clusters) and computes contact and interaction forces. The solicitation specifically calls for DEM code capable of capturing agglomeration forces such as van der Waals and electrostatic forces, and deagglomeration mechanisms driven by airflow and by impacts with device surfaces. It also emphasizes the need to handle non-spherical particle shapes, since real carrier and API particles are rarely perfect spheres, and shape can substantially change drag, collisions, and cohesive behavior. The practical aim is a usable set of DEM codes that can be coupled to CFD to predict DPI particle transport, deagglomeration behavior, APSD, and ultimately deposition outcomes.

A notable expectation is sharing: at minimum, the developed DEM codes are expected to be shared with the FDA Office of Generic Drugs (OGD) within CDER, and the announcement states a preference that the codes also be made publicly available. The funding notice also suggests, where feasible, designing the DEM code to work across multiple CFD platforms, and expresses a preference (though not a strict requirement) for compatibility with open-source CFD tools to make sharing and reuse easier.

After building the modeling tools, the project is expected to verify and validate them using a series of test cases drawn from the literature and/or newly generated in vitro experiments. These test cases are meant to demonstrate that the combined CFD-DEM method can reproduce the relevant physics and produce outputs comparable to real measurements. The notice encourages selecting multiple DPI drug products for these test cases to show broader applicability rather than a one-off model tailored to a single product. Depending on available data, the validation could focus on device performance and powder behavior inside the inhaler, on delivery through the upper airway (mouth-throat), or both. A specific validation target mentioned is predicting APSD, with in vitro APSD measured at the exit of a USP induction port as a potential comparison point.

Once the tool is developed and validated, the grant calls for a sensitivity analysis to understand how formulation differences may change delivered aerosol characteristics and, ideally, deposition. The notice lists examples of formulation properties to vary, including carrier mass, API mass, carrier particle size, and API particle size. APSD is identified as a key outcome metric, and the solicitation notes that APSD could be characterized at different locations such as the device mouthpiece and/or after the mouth-throat and/or the USP induction port. While not strictly required, exploring the impact of these formulation changes on regional lung deposition fractions is described as desirable, because that is ultimately the clinical-relevant endpoint the field wants to connect back to in vitro testing.

The work plan is organized into four phases. Phase 1 is algorithm and code development for DEM methods that represent agglomeration and deagglomeration forces as comprehensively as possible. Phase 2 is validation of the CFD and DEM models against published data and/or new in vitro data generated under the project. Phase 3 is the sensitivity analysis linking formulation property variations to APSD and preferably to regional deposition outcomes. Phase 4 is publication of manuscripts, intended mainly for the third year (with an implied reduced budget in that year because the emphasis shifts toward writing and dissemination), though manuscript preparation can begin earlier.

Administratively, this is an FDA (HHS) discretionary funding opportunity using a Cooperative Agreement (U01), meaning the agency is likely to have substantial scientific involvement compared with a standard grant. The opportunity number is RFA-FD-18-014, created March 22, 2018, with an original closing date of May 29, 2018. The award ceiling listed is $380,000, with an expectation of 2 awards. Eligibility is broad and includes various government entities, public and private institutions of higher education, nonprofits (with or without 501(c)(3) status), tribal governments and organizations, individuals, for-profit organizations (including entities other than small businesses), and small businesses. The overall purpose is to produce practical, shareable modeling capability that can help the FDA and the research community better connect DPI in vitro performance metrics to in vivo delivery, ultimately supporting more efficient and scientifically grounded bioequivalence assessments for generic DPIs.

  • The Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration in the agriculture, consumer protection, food and nutrition sector is offering a public funding opportunity titled "Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element modeling (DEM) approach for predictions of dry powder inhaler (DPI) drug delivery (U01)" and is now available to receive applicants.
  • Interested and eligible applicants and submit their applications by referencing the CFDA number(s): 93.103.
  • This funding opportunity was created on Mar 22, 2018.
  • Applicants must submit their applications by May 29, 2018. (Agency may still review applications by suitable applicants for the remaining/unused allocated funding in 2026.)
  • Each selected applicant is eligible to receive up to $380,000.00 in funding.
  • The number of recipients for this funding is limited to 2 candidate(s).
  • Eligible applicants include: State governments, County governments, City or township governments, Special district governments, Independent school districts, Public and State controlled institutions of higher education, Native American tribal governments (Federally recognized), Public housing authorities/Indian housing authorities, Native American tribal organizations (other than Federally recognized tribal governments), Nonprofits having a 501(c)(3) status with the IRS, other than institutions of higher education, Nonprofits that do not have a 501(c)(3) status with the IRS, other than institutions of higher education, Private institutions of higher education, Individuals, For profit organizations other than small businesses, Small businesses.
Apply for RFA FD 18 014

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the title of this FDA cooperative agreement opportunity?

The opportunity is titled "Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element modeling (DEM) approach for predictions of dry powder inhaler (DPI) drug delivery."

What type of funding mechanism is this?

This is an FDA (HHS) discretionary funding opportunity using a Cooperative Agreement (U01). A U01 cooperative agreement typically involves substantial scientific or programmatic involvement from the agency compared with a standard research grant.

What is the opportunity number?

The funding opportunity number is RFA-FD-18-014.

When was the opportunity created and what was the original closing date?

It was created on March 22, 2018, with an original closing date of May 29, 2018.

What is the main goal of the project?

The central goal is to improve prediction of where dry powder inhaler (DPI) drugs deposit in the respiratory tract and why, by developing and validating an integrated CFD-DEM modeling approach that can predict powder transport, deagglomeration behavior, aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD), and ultimately deposition outcomes.

Why is this topic important for FDA and generic DPI approvals?

A key regulatory driver is the U.S. generic drug approval pathway for DPIs. Generic applicants typically must demonstrate bioequivalence using a weight of evidence approach (often combining in vitro tests, pharmacokinetic studies for systemic exposure, and pharmacodynamic or clinical endpoint studies for local lung action). The announcement highlights a major gap: there is not solid evidence of an in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for APSD or any other in vitro metric for any DPI product, in part because local lung site-of-action concentrations are extremely difficult to measure directly in people.

What problem in DPI drug delivery is this project trying to address?

DPIs commonly use blends of very small API particles with much larger carrier particles. Patients supply the energy through inhalation, which fluidizes the powder and draws it into airflow. DPI performance depends heavily on two linked steps: (1) whether the carrier-API mixture is successfully entrained out of the device, and (2) how quickly and completely the API deagglomerates (separates) from the carrier, largely driven by impacts with device surfaces and airflow forces.

Why do DPI formulations use carrier particles at all?

Because API particles are extremely small, they often do not readily entrain on their own at typical inhalation flow rates. The larger carrier particles help move the API through the device and into the airflow.

What particle size ranges are described, and why do they matter?

The carrier particles are described as being on the order of about 100 micrometers and are not able to pass the mouth and throat effectively, while the therapeutic API ideally needs to be around 1 to 5 micrometers to reach the lungs. This size mismatch makes successful API detachment (deagglomeration) from the carrier essential for lung delivery.

What is CFD and what does it contribute in this project?

CFD (computational fluid dynamics) is used to simulate airflow and particle transport. In this project, CFD provides the airflow field needed to predict how inhalation flow moves particles through the device and into/through the airways.

What is DEM and what does it contribute in this project?

DEM (discrete element modeling) tracks individual particles (or particle clusters) and computes particle-particle and particle-wall contact and interaction forces. Here, DEM is used to represent agglomeration and deagglomeration behavior driven by cohesive forces and by mechanical and aerodynamic mechanisms.

Why is modeling DPIs considered harder than modeling metered dose inhalers (MDIs) in this notice?

The notice explains that DPI aerosols involve strong particle-particle and particle-wall interactions, irregular particle shapes, and cohesive forces that drive agglomeration and affect deagglomeration. These factors add complexity beyond what is typically encountered in modeling MDIs.

What specific DEM capabilities does the solicitation call for?

The solicitation specifically calls for DEM code that can capture agglomeration forces such as van der Waals and electrostatic forces, and deagglomeration mechanisms driven by airflow and by impacts with device surfaces.

Does the opportunity emphasize non-spherical particle shapes?

Yes. The notice emphasizes the need to handle non-spherical particle shapes because real carrier and API particles are rarely perfect spheres, and particle shape can significantly affect drag, collisions, and cohesive behavior.

What outputs is the integrated CFD-DEM approach expected to predict?

The practical aim is a usable set of DEM codes that can be coupled to CFD to predict DPI particle transport, deagglomeration behavior, APSD, and ultimately deposition outcomes.

What is APSD and how is it used in the context of this opportunity?

APSD stands for aerodynamic particle size distribution. The announcement notes that FDA product-specific guidance for many DPIs emphasizes in vitro metrics such as single actuation content and APSD. APSD is also highlighted as a key outcome metric for validation and for sensitivity analyses in this project.

Is there an established IVIVC for APSD in DPIs according to the announcement?

No. The announcement explicitly highlights that there is not currently solid evidence of an in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for APSD or any other in vitro metric for any DPI product.

Why is it hard to directly measure local lung drug concentrations in people?

The notice states that local drug concentrations at the site of action in the lung are extremely difficult to measure directly in people without changing the product.

What role does gamma scintigraphy play in this opportunity?

Gamma scintigraphy is described as a potentially useful validation tool. It uses a radiolabel (often technetium-99m) to generate 2D images of where inhaled material deposits. While not ideal for routine bioequivalence testing because radiolabeling alters the formulation, it can still provide valuable external benchmark data for validating physics-based computational predictions.

Is gamma scintigraphy intended to replace standard bioequivalence testing here?

No. The notice describes gamma scintigraphy as not ideal for routine bioequivalence testing due to formulation changes from radiolabeling, but valuable as an external benchmark for validating computational predictions.

What does the opportunity expect regarding sharing the developed modeling code?

At minimum, the developed DEM codes are expected to be shared with the FDA Office of Generic Drugs (OGD) within CDER. The announcement also states a preference that the codes be made publicly available.

Does the opportunity require compatibility with specific CFD software?

The notice suggests, where feasible, designing the DEM code to work across multiple CFD platforms. It also expresses a preference (not a strict requirement) for compatibility with open-source CFD tools to make sharing and reuse easier.

How are the models expected to be verified and validated?

After tool development, the project is expected to verify and validate the combined CFD-DEM approach using a series of test cases drawn from the literature and/or newly generated in vitro experiments. The goal is to show the method reproduces relevant physics and produces outputs comparable to real measurements.

Does the FDA encourage using more than one DPI product in validation?

Yes. The notice encourages selecting multiple DPI drug products for test cases to demonstrate broader applicability, rather than developing a model tailored to a single product.

What parts of the DPI delivery process can validation focus on?

Depending on available data, validation could focus on device performance and powder behavior inside the inhaler, delivery through the upper airway (mouth-throat), or both.

What specific validation target is mentioned for comparison with in vitro measurements?

A specific validation target mentioned is predicting APSD, with in vitro APSD measured at the exit of a USP induction port suggested as a potential comparison point.

What is the purpose of the sensitivity analysis in this project?

Once the tool is developed and validated, the project calls for a sensitivity analysis to understand how formulation differences may change delivered aerosol characteristics and, ideally, deposition.

Which formulation properties are specifically suggested for variation in sensitivity analyses?

The notice lists examples including carrier mass, API mass, carrier particle size, and API particle size.

At what locations might APSD be characterized according to the opportunity?

The solicitation notes APSD could be characterized at different locations such as the device mouthpiece and/or after the mouth-throat and/or at the USP induction port.

Is predicting regional lung deposition required?

Exploring the impact of formulation changes on regional lung deposition fractions is described as desirable, but not strictly required.

How is the work plan structured?

The work plan is organized into four phases: Phase 1 (algorithm and DEM code development), Phase 2 (validation against published and/or new in vitro data), Phase 3 (sensitivity analysis linking formulation variations to APSD and preferably deposition outcomes), and Phase 4 (publication of manuscripts, mainly in year three).

What is expected in Phase 1?

Phase 1 focuses on algorithm and code development for DEM methods that represent agglomeration and deagglomeration forces as comprehensively as possible.

What is expected in Phase 2?

Phase 2 focuses on validating the CFD and DEM models against published data and/or new in vitro data generated under the project.

What is expected in Phase 3?

Phase 3 focuses on sensitivity analysis linking formulation property variations to APSD and preferably to regional deposition outcomes.

What is expected in Phase 4?

Phase 4 focuses on publication of manuscripts, intended mainly for the third year, with an implied reduced budget in that year because the emphasis shifts toward writing and dissemination (though writing can begin earlier).

What is the award ceiling and how many awards are expected?

The award ceiling listed is $380,000, and the opportunity indicates an expectation of 2 awards.

Who is eligible to apply based on the notice?

Eligibility is broad and includes various government entities, public and private institutions of higher education, nonprofits (with or without 501(c)(3) status), tribal governments and organizations, individuals, for-profit organizations (including entities other than small businesses), and small businesses.

What is the overarching purpose of the work products from this grant?

The overall purpose is to produce practical, shareable modeling capability that helps FDA and the research community better connect DPI in vitro performance metrics to in vivo delivery, supporting more efficient and scientifically grounded bioequivalence assessments for generic DPIs.

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